Article Abstract

Online ISSN: 1099-176X    Print ISSN: 1091-4358
The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics
Volume 26, Issue 4, 2023. Pages: 159-183
Published Online: 1 December 2023

Copyright © 2023 ICMPE.

COVID-19, Mental Health, and Mental Health Treatment among Adults

Samuel H. Zuvekas¹*

¹Ph.D., Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD, USA..

This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health status and mental health treatment of adults using data from the nationally representative 2019-2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Both unadjusted and regression-adjusted differences were examined. All four mental health scales included in the MEPS showed statistically significant declines in mental health between 2019 and 2020, particularly among younger adults. On balance, the percentage of US adults receiving mental health treatment did not change significantly. Continuity of treatment increased slightly in 2020, with 87.1% of adults in treatment January or February still receiving care in the second quarter, an increase of 2.5 percentage points (p=.025).  However, there were significant declines in the initiation of new episodes of treatment, especially in the second quarter of 2020. In a time of heightened mental health concerns, the gap between treatment need and treatment use likely grew larger.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has been widely reported to have increased symptoms of anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. It may also have significantly disrupted continuity of treatment for existing patients and made access for those newly seeking care more difficult at a time when treatment needs are higher.

Aims of the Study: This study seeks to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health status and mental health treatment among adults residing in the U.S. civilian, non-institutionalized population.

Methods: The data are drawn from the 2019-2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), a nationally representative household survey of the U.S. civilian non-institutionalized population conducted annually since 1996 and used extensively to study mental health treatment in the U.S. I examine unadjusted and regression-adjusted differences between 2019 and 2020 in perceived mental health status (excellent, very good, good, fair, poor) and in the K6 general psychological distress, the PHQ-2 depression screener, and the VR-12 mental component summary score. Similarly, using the detailed MEPS data on health care encounters and prescription drug fills, I examine differences in mental health use treatment between 2019 and 2020. I focus specifically on changes in continuity of treatment among those already in treatment in January and February, before the pandemic fully struck, as well differences in the initiation of new episodes of treatment after the pandemic began.

Results: All four mental health scales included in the MEPS show statistically significant declines in mental health between 2019 and 2020, particularly among younger adults. On balance, the percentage of US adults receiving mental health treatment did not change significantly. Continuity of treatment increased slightly in 2020, with 87.1% of adults in treatment January or February still receiving care in the second quarter, an increase of 2.5 percentage points (p=.025). However, there were significant declines in the initiation of new episodes of treatment, especially in the second quarter of 2020.
Discussion: While the continuity of treatment among adults already in care when the COVID pandemic first led to nationwide disruptions is welcome news, the decline in new episodes of mental health treatment among those not previously treated is of great concern. In a time of heightened need, the gap between need and treatment likely grew larger.

Implications for Health Care Provision and Use, and Implications for Health Policies: Continued long-term monitoring of the mental health needs and treatment gaps will be important, especially as many emergency measures designed to mitigate the effects of the pandemic on access to mental health treatment expire.